Online Course Proposal Essay Example

Online Course Proposal Essay Online Course Proposal BY ajones7874 Global Citizenship Across the Curriculum Chapter 1 Draft Andrea Peterson-Jones October 21, 2013 California State University East Bay Background In the not so distant past, citizenship or civics education in the United States embraced an assimilation ideology, focused on Anglo-protestant conformity effectively eradicating the cultures and languages of diverse groups. During assimilation, when members of identifiable racial groups began to acquired the language and culture of the Anglo mainstream, they were often denied inclusion and ull participation in the community because of their racial characteristics. Anglo- Saxon Protestant tradition was for two centuries, and in crucial respects still is, the dominant influence on American culture and society(Schlesinger, 1992, p. 28). This approach to civic education created conflict, anxiety, demoralization, and resentment in those forced to disconnect from their culture and belief systems. Today, the term Civics is rarely used, having been replaced with Global Education or Global Citizenship. In an ever increasing interdependent world, educators are emonstrating a growing interest in educating for global citizenship. Because of growing ethnic, cultural, racial, language and religious diversity throughout the world, global citizenship education is imperative to properly prepare students to function effectively in the 21st century Global Economy. Citizens in this century need the knowledge, attitudes, and skills required to function not only in their own cultural community, but beyond cultural borders and divides. We will write a custom essay sample on Online Course Proposal specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Online Course Proposal specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Online Course Proposal specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As educators, it becomes our responsibility to incorporate student strategies for acquiring these skills into our everyday curriculum. According to Cushner and Brennan (2007), cultural competence is required to be an effective educator. Teachers who are culturally competent, they argue, understand cultural traditions that extend beyond the borders of the United States, can communicate across cultures, and have the expertise to prepare learners for living and working in the global community ( p. 10). We live in one of the worlds most diverse countries, and we are experiencing a time of dramatic change. We must recognize the rapid pace of globalization and the increasing competition and changing workplace that our Nations graduates will face in their future. Nussbaum, 1997) The source of Americas prosperity has never been merely how ably we accumulate weal tn, out now well we educate our people . Inls nas never Deen more true than it is today. In a 21st-century world where Jobs can be shipped wherever theres an Internet connection, where a child born in Dallas is now competing with a child in New Delhi, where your best Job qualification is not what you do, but what you know. Education is no longer Just a pathway to opportunity and success, its a prerequisite for success. Our children will compete for Jobs in a global economy that oo many of our schools do not prepare them for. In a global economy where the most valuable skill you can sell is your knowledge, a good education is no longer Just a pathway to opportunity it is a prerequisite. The world is changing rapidly. American students need to graduate from school not only ready for college, but globally competent. We must prepare the rising generation to connect, compete and cooperate with their peers around the world. This is a prescription for economic decline, because we know the countries that out-teach us today will out-compete us tomorrow. President Barack Obama, 2010 Needs Statement Americas K-12 educational system must graduate students who are well prepared in not only literature, mathematics and science, but also in their knowledge and understanding of global issues, foreign languages and world cultures (Lewin Schattle, 2009) . Rapid globalization and increasing competition in a changing workplace are the realities graduates will face in their future. According to Altinay and Brookings Institution (2007) students in their final years of high school are not being offered enough opportunities in the conventional curriculum to develop those ard and soft skills that they will need to meet the challenges already present in the world. Americas future economic strength and national security depend on its ability to prepare young people to meet the challenges of the twenty-first century and be leaders in the global society (Olson, Evans, Shoenberg, 2007). The course proposed, Global Citizenship Across the Curriculum, is designed to provide educators from all grade levels and disciplines, practical methodologies for the global enrichment of their courses (K-12), and evaluation strategies which ensure authentic cross-cultural experiences (Olson, Evans, Shoenberg, 2007). The course content contains opportunities for educators to connect collaborate with other educators around the globe using various technologies including Skype in the classroom. Participants are introduced to pedagogies that help students build critical thinking and problem- solving skills through interactions with global issues and the perspectives of the people experiencing them. (Nussbaum, 1997) . When educators learn best practice methodologies to instill leadership skills in their students, they help them construct avenues for responding to global conflict, simultaneously developing their cross- ultural competency as 21st Century critical thinkers and leaders. Course participants learn ways to infuse their curriculum with global project-based learning experiences that help them develop the global competence they need for success in a global economy. They learn to implement student-driven learning pedagogies and utilize e-technologies to build authentic, humanizing connections between their students and the world (Lewin Schattle, 2009). Global Citizenship Across the Curriculum is delivered 100% online and the internet serves as a fundamental learnlng, researcn, ana communlcatlons tool Tor teacners ana students Ine DeneTlts of distance learning become evident as course participants apply newly learned skills using online tools and collaborative forums to confront and reflect on a variety of global issues. Graduates leave the course with an expanded knowledge base to actively engage students and articulate global citizenship and real world skills across the curriculum. Key Definitions Assimilation: to cause (a person or group) to become part of a different society, country, etc. Anglo-Saxon: a person whose ancestors were English. Cross-cultural: dealing with or offering comparison between two or more different cultures or cultural areas . -Technologies: the use of the internet in industry, engineering, etc. , to invent useful things or to solve problems. Global Citizenship: aims to empower pupils to lead their own actions with the knowledge and values that they have gained from learning about global issues. Ideology: a systematic body of concepts especially about human life or culture; a manner or the content of thinking characteristic of an individual, group, or culture; The integrated assertions, theories and aims that constitute a sociopolitical program. Pedagogy: the art, science, or profession of teaching young people. References Altinay, H. Brookings Institution (2010). The case for global civics. Washington, D. C: Brookings Institution, Global Economy and Development. Lewin, R. Schattle, H. (2009). The handbook of practice and research in study abroad: Higher education and the quest for global citizenship. New York: Routledge. Nussbaum, M. C. (1997). Cultivating humanity: A classical defense of reform in liberal education. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. Olson, C. L. , Evans, R. , Shoenberg, R. E. (2007). At home in the world: Bridging the gap between internationalization and multicultural education. Washington, DC: American Council on Education.

Clayton Bates essays

Clayton Bates essays Clayton Bates was born in 1907, in Fountain Inn, South Carolina. As a young boy, he worked in the cotton fields and his mother was a nurse for a white family. Clayton hated his job though, and his true love was dancing. Some days, he would secretly go to the local barber shop and dance for the rich white men for some extra money, until one day when his mother found out and dragged him home. Clayton always went back though, because he loved the extra money, and most of all, he loved to dance. At the age of eleven, Clayton got sick of his job in the cotton fields. He claimed that the job wasnt 9 to 5, it was can to cant. He pleaded with his mother to let him go to work in the cottonseed mill, but she wouldnt let him because she felt he was too young to be working in a dangerous factory. After enough reasoning his mother agreed to let him go to work in the cottonseed mill, where he worked on top of a cottonseed pile. His job was to push the cottonseed so that it flowed down into the conveyor, where it was ground into meal. On only his second day at the job, Clayton slipped and fell into the conveyor with the cottonseed and fell into the auger, which crushed his leg and 2 fingers on his right hand. Since, black people were not allowed into most hospitals at the time, Bates was forced to have his leg amputated on his mothers kitchen table. Clayton refused to let this slow him down, and with a wooden peg leg his uncle made for him, he ran five miles every day, jumping over ditches and whatever obstacles he met. After close to a year and a half, Clayton was able to run and dance just like he used to, and he refused to let anyone pity him for his disability. Soon after his accident Clayton was back to his dancing, and was now known by everyone, even his mother, as Peg Leg. Peg Leg began joining traveling dance shows. Sa ...

Civil Rights in the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Civil Rights in the United States - Essay Example This perception was the main reason to insist Hoover to use violence as a weapon to gain communists trust in the Civil Rights Movement. The origin of Civil Rights were established with a dual perspective in the wake of the Montgomery bus boycott, hoped to convince the students to join their organizations, as student branches or auxiliaries. It was in 1960s that under the influence of civil rights movement students chose to remain independent, establishing the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) which attracted hundreds of young men and women from across the country who were willing to risk their lives for freedom. Following passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, civil rights activists increasingly turned their attention from the rural South to the urban North, and toward economic opportunity. (Plummer, 2003, p. 222) By the late 1960s it no longer advocated nonviolence or stood under the emblem of black and white working together. Instead, it called for black power. While some perceived this shift as a dramatic rejection of its core principles, others contend that the call for black power was consistent with the front line role that SNCC had played since its birth and its insistence that the nation speed up the pace of change. (Levy, 1998, p. 14) Civil Rights under Kennedy's era depicts the picture adopted as an organized approach, thereby attracting black southern support for his foreign and economic policies but Civil rights forces responded to Kennedy's lethargy by developing new ways to pressure him to live up to his promises. Most prominently, the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) announced that it would stage a freedom ride. This was not it; to make matters worse, Mississippi, with its long history of execution, lay ahead. The prospect of violence prompted the Kennedy administration to broker a deal with Mississippi whereby the governor promised to protect the riders from their moment of entry into the Magnolia State until their arrival in the state capital. In exchange, the Kennedy administration agreed to turn a deaf ear while state authorities whisked the riders from the buses ranging from trespassing to disturbing the peace. In spite of this deal, freedom riders kept traveling to Mississippi, knowing that they wou ld end up in one of the worst prisons in the nation and they remained successful in marking important juncture in the Civil Rights. (Levy, 1998, p. 45) With this much success in approving freedom from the government, one cannot ignore the efforts and role-played by media in promoting the concept of Civil Rights in United States by presenting several addresses of the leaders on civil rights. Like in 1963, it was due to the television media that President Kennedy delivered a major television address on civil rights, which is considered as one of the most powerful and important speech by a president on race relations since Reconstruction. It was due to the speeches conducted and showed through media that the nation was motivated to follow the principle of equality and was committed to a "worldwide struggle to promote and protect the rights of all who wish to be free". (Levy, 1998, p. 21) Women also not lagged behind and played a very prominent role in being recognized as Civil Rights freedom fighters. Women served as official representatives of local civil rights organizations and as behind-the-scenes

Staffing Strategy for a New Plant Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Staffing Strategy for a New Plant - Essay Example In the same way, the high population will act as a major source of labor that is essential in the production facilities of the company. One of the major advantages of Minneapolis is the advanced education system that has resulted to high number of skilled human resource. For example, University of Minnesota, one of the major higher institutions of learning in the region produces high number of graduates that will play a major role of providing key staff including the plant manager, product designers, assemblers and warehouse workers. Based on the high initial capital of establishing the new plant, Household Consumer Enterprises should ensure that the plant manager come from inside the current managerial ranks. In this way, the company will not incur high costs in terms of the high salaries that an external manager will demand. In the same way, since the company aims at producing closely related products, an internal manager has adequate knowhow on the challenges faced by the products in the market. In this regard, an internal manager will adequately drive the new plant towards attaining its initial goals as soon as he gets into the office. During the hiring process, staffing should be based on both the person/job match and person/organisation match. In reference to the person/job match, the company will look for potential employees who have adequate knowledge especially to deal with the production and designing of the household products produced by the company. As a result of hiring skilled employees, the level of motivation among the workers will be increased leading to a higher productivity. In the same way, Household Consumer Enterprises should ensure that a person-organisation match is maintained during the hiring process. In addition to flexible benefits and sustainable salaries, Carless (2005) notes that employees are attracted to the firms that offer ideas of authority, leadership and social relationships. In this regard, it is vital for

University of California Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

University of California - Personal Statement Example niversity’s mission of building both the characters and careers of the students through focusing on academic achievement, excellence of the institution and service for the community encourage me to join and obtain my studies from the University of California. I am applying for a transfer to the program of Global Studies major with particular interests in Public relations and international relations. I have developed interest in the program because of my experience of different countries through travel and study during my early studies. In the year 2007 for instance, I travelled to Australia on an academic trip which took a full month and I had firsthand experience with cultural diversity. The experience was so strong and exciting that it in part encouraged my desire to travel and study in the United States. In the year 2010 I came to America as an international exchange student from China. I had to overcome the challenges of language barrier and cultural shock, an experience that very enlighten to me as a student & person. Previously I have studied at the Suzhou foreign language school, Nathan Hale-Ray High School in Connecticut and the Justin Siena Catholic High school in Napa Valley Elac. My experience in America as an international student has tremendously influenced my person and future career choices especially due to the cultural exchanges. I had the unique opportunity of studying with other students from different parts of the world such as German, Poland Hong Kong and others which allowed a lot of meaningful exchanged and propelled my desire to further my studies in Global Studies. I applied and was accepted by a number of universities but chose to pursue my studies at ELAC College with the sole intention of transferring to the UC whose system I believe is the best. Having such a diverse background in terms of academics I have come to learn that people’s orientation and background play a significant role in influencing their communication and

Competition in Public Health

Competition in Public Health Introduction Public health was established by the Romans as they thought that sanitation would lead to good health.The Romans made associations between causes of ailment and methods of deterrence. as a consequence they developed a large structure of Public Health works around their empire.The Romans thought that Prevention of illness was more imperative than cure of disease. Roman Philosophy was based along the lines of probing for a motive then establishing a preventative measure to reduce the risk involved. As a practical people they used remarks of the environment to determine what was causing ill health. This form of experimental observation led the Romans to understand that death rates were higher in and around marshes and swamps.The remedy would then be based upon judgment. The Romans, being technologically suitable, resolved to offer clean water through aqueducts, to eliminate the bulk of sewage through the building of sewers and to cultivate a system of public toilets throughout their tow ns and citys. Personal hygiene was reinvigorated through the building of large public baths.(priory.comhistoryofmedicine/publichealth) In some ways, public health is a recent concept, although it has roots in ancient times. From the beginnings of human evolution, it was recognized that unclean water and lack of suitable waste disposal spread vector-borne diseases. Early religions attempted to controlbehaviour that precisely related to health, from types of food eaten, to regulating certain indulgent behaviours, such as drinking alcohol or sexual relations. The creation of governments placed accountability on leaders to cultivate public health policies and agendas in order to gain some indulgent of the causes of disease and thus safeguard social stability opulence, and maintain order.(priory.comhistoryofmedicine/publichealth). In America, public health worker Dr. Sara Josephine Baker dropped the infant mortality rate using preventative means. She established many agendas to help the poor in New York City keep their infants hale and hearty. Dr. Baker led teams of nurses into the crowded communities of Hells Kitchen and taught mothers how to dress, feed, and wash their babies. After WWI many states and countries followed her example in order to lower infant mortality rates.During the 20th century, the intense increase in average life span is widely credited to public health achievements, such as vaccination programs and control of infectious diseases, effective safety policies such as motor-vehicle and occupational safety, improved family planning, fluoridation of drinking water, anti-smoking measures, and programs designed to decrease chronic disease.( American Journal OF Public Health, 2005). What does the meaning of public health? If community nurses are to be involved in public health work some understanding of its meaning is required. Perhaps the key term is the organised efforts of society, implying some collective responsibility for health and prevention (Beaglehole Bonita, 1997). This can mean the partnerships and combinedtactics the government is so keen on to stimulate health, like the health action zones or health living centres. Nurses involved in public wellbeing work need to focus on the health of local communities, groups and populations, not on individuals or families. When trying to identify the health needs of local communities, approaches using both art and science come in. Beaglehole and Bonitas (1997) suggest both a qualitative (art) and quantitative (science) approach can be taken in identifying health needs. The foundation stone of the quantitative approach to public Competetion: Most of the day-to-day business of the organization, and around three quarters of the funding, is administered by district health boards (DHBs). DHBs plan, accomplish, provide and purchase health services for the population of their district to ensure services are arranged excellently and proficiently for all of New Zealand. This includes funding for primary care, hospital services, public health services, aged care services, and services provided by other non-government health providers including MÄ ori and Pacific providers. Health targetsare reviewed annually to ensure they align with health priorities. The current targets are listed below. *Shorter stays in emergency departments 95 percentof patients will be admitted, discharged, or transferred from an emergency department within six hours. *Improved access to elective surgery The volume of elective surgery will be increased by at least 4000 discharges per year. *Shorter waits for cancer treatment All patients, ready-for-treatment, wait less than four weeks for radiotherapy or chemotherapy. *Increased immunisation 90 percentof eight months olds will have their primary course of immunisation (six weeks, three months and five months immunisation events) on time by July 2014 and 95 percent by December 2014. *Better help for smokers to quit 95 percentof hospitalised patients who smoke and are seen by a health practitioner in public hospitals and 90 percentof enrolled patients who smoke and are seen by a health practitioner in general practice are offered brief advice and support to quit smoking. Within the target a specialised identified group will include progress towards 90 percentof pregnant women (who identify as smokers at the time of confirmation of pregnancy in general practice or booking with Lead Maternity Carer) are offered advice and support to quit. *More heart and diabetes checks 90 percentof the eligible population will have had their cardiovascular risk assessed in the last five years. (health.govt.nz) New Zealand permanent residents New Zealand citizens (including those from the Cook Islands, Niue or Tokelau) Australian citizen or permanent resident who has lived, or intends to live, in New Zealand for two years or more Work visa holder eligible to be in New Zealand for two years or more People aged 17 years or younger, in the care and control of an eligible parent, legal guardian, adopting parent or person applying to be their legal guardian Interim visa holders New Zealand Aid Programme student receiving Official Development Assistance (ODA) funding Commonwealth scholarship students Foreign language teaching assistant Refugees and protected persons, applicants and appeallants for refugee and protection status, and victims of people trafficking offences If you are living in the Netherlands or you are paying income-tax in the Netherlands you are required to procure a health insurance at a Dutch insurance company. In the past there was a difference between public and private healthcare in the Netherlands. This however has been changed and everybody is now required to purchase basic health insurance. The basic packageThe government has put together a basic package that covers about the same as the previous system. Health insurance companies are legally obliged to offer at least this basic package and can not reject anybody who is applying for it. With the basic package you are covered for the following:Medical care, including services by GP’s, hospitals, medical specialists and obstetricians Hospital stay, Dental care (up until the age of 18 years, when 18 years or older you are only covered for specialist dental care and false teeth), Various medical appliancesVarious medicines, Prenatal care,Patient transport (e.g. ambulance), Paramedical careYou can decide to purchase additional insurance for circumstances not included in the basic package. However, in this case insurance companies can reject your application and they have the right to   determine the price. If you are working for a company in the Netherlands, consider purchasing a collective health insurance policy, this can be a good option as it is often cheaper. However, you are not obliged to buy such a policy when it is offered to you and your employer is not obliged to make you an offer. Ask your employer about the possibilities.Fees of the basic packageThe fees for the basic health insurance package are annually determined by the health insurance companies and are normally approximately â‚ ¬95 per month. Although the Ministry of Health (Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport)determines a standard premium, the insurance companies determine the additions fee you will have to pay in the end by charging a certain rate and Foreigners are also entitled to this grant if they qualify.Children under the age of 18 years do not have to pay any health insurance and are insured for free for the basic package of health care.(justlanded.com) References: Retrieved from health.govt.nz Retrieved from justlanded.com

Deviant Behavior Essay -- Sociology Sociological Psychology Essays

Deviant Behavior Deviant behavior refers to behavior that does not conform to norms, does not meet the expectations of a group of a society as a whole. After birth, children begin to experience situations with others. They are taught what he or she should and should not do, what is good or bad and what is right or wrong. Learning habits that conform to the customs and traditions of the groups into which the child is born develops a system of values. These values provide justification and motivation or for wanting to refrain from behavior that is disapproved. After reading this, one can see how a behavior is considered deviant, but the question is, â€Å"Why is a certain type of behavior considered deviant?† This paper will take a particular deviant behavior, which is illicit drug use, and examine why this type of behavior is labeled as deviant. By using theoretical approaches, this paper will provide the reader an explanation of why illicit drug use occurs in the first place. Throughout history, all human societies have used drugs, but it hasn’t been until recently considered deviant behavior. Drug use was seen only as a personal problem, but today’s societies, in general, condemns drug use. There are many reasons for this perception of drug use in our society today. It’s stated that â€Å"since a social process creates standards for deviance, consumption of a particular drug becomes deviant only when individuals and groups define it a such† (Clinard and Meier, 2001). This is seen in new laws and legislation against drug use, making drug use, seen by society, as wrong and criminal. This causes public opinion to look at drug use as deviant because the norms of society have been changed. These new laws were passed by legislation because of the common myth that drug use is the cause of bigger problems of society. Society is given the belief that drug users posses certain characteristics which include â€Å"low self-esteem, social incompetence, inadequate identity, easily influenced by peers, and irresponsible or mindless† (Moore and Saunders, 1999). This tells society that only troubled people use drugs. This common belief holds that people using drugs necessarily have personal problems and lack social skills, which then in turn, threatens personal health and morality to societies well being. Also, medically, reference to elicit drug use is considered drug abuse. T... ...s of drug use as very negative because mostly of the formal sanctions powered by the legislature. The media portrays the stereotypes of the type of people who use drugs and this only helps fuel societies approach in dealing with illicit drug use. Society in general needs to refrain from looking at drug use as negative, but look at it as a norm for human beings. Until drug use is seen as a norm, the media and politician will still see that all drug use is a problem, and considered it deviant. Study that would help this issue would be if drug use has any positive benefits that people who abstain from drugs do not receive. Works Cited: 1. Akens, Ronald. 1998. Social Learning and Social Structure: A General Theory of Crime and Deviance. Boston: Northeastern University Press. 2. Becker, Howard. 1963. Outsiders: Studies in Sociology of Deviance. New York: The Free Press. 3. Clinad, Marshall and Meier. 2001. Sociology of Deviant Behavior. Orlanda: Harcourt College Publishers. 4. Goode, Jack. 1994. A Theory about Control. Boulder: Westview Press. 5. Moore, David and saunders, Bill. 2001. â€Å"Youth Drug Use and the Prevention of Problems.† Journal of Drug Issues 13:219-235.

Reflections: About Happiness

Happiness is a gift that we can all enjoy if we choose to; it enters your life when you let your thinking patterns take a more positive angle. Rather than coming to negative conclusions hastily, the key is taking time to think about a situation in its entirety. A new angle will reveal itself which will make you understand why things happened the way they did. There is always the opportunity to be happy around every corner as the quotation by James Oppenheim states: â€Å"The foolish man seeks happiness in the distance, the wise grows it under his feet. â€Å"Learn to smile and laugh a lot more, it is infectious and soon you have others around you doing the same and time passes a lot better. Happy people radiate a field around them that draws others to them who want to share in their happiness. We all have come across people who have been through all sorts of problems in life and yet they have not stopped laughing or smiling. These people are examples to follow and they prove that e ven in their difficult times they have not given up hope or given up on life. Happiness comes from acceptance of your situation or your surroundings.It comes from counting the blessings around you and believe me each one of us has plenty of blessings if we care to count them. The gift of health, the gift of families, the gift of friends, the list is endless. And if we are amongst those who have had more than their share of sadness in life, there are still things that make you have another go at life. It is a matter of finding something that will make you feel good about yourself and doing it. Being healthy makes a person happy so learn to cultivate good health. This means eating less junk food, exercising not only the body but also the mind and entertaining good thoughts.The mind, body and soul work together as a unit so try and keep all three healthy and motivated. Being anxious and stressed does not promote happiness so try and rid yourself of emotions like these that drain the mi nd and the body. Seek help to get you on the road to good health Learning new skills and exploring new subjects expands the mind and if it enhances a career then the satisfaction will relate to happiness. Self development makes a person feel good about themselves so do not let yourself stagnate but keep evolving. Life can be an exciting journey with so much that one can do and achieve at every stage, young or old.To be loved gives a lot of happiness but to get this love you have to give it too. Do not hesitate to show your love to those that matter the most and caring to those that need it the most. Happiness also comes from giving to those not as fortunate as you. The irony of life is that happiness lies in the simplest things of life and it does not have to cost a penny. Wouldn't it be sad then if we spent our lives not being happy and making everyone else around unhappy as well? â€Å"Some cause happiness wherever they go; others whenever they go. † (Oscar Wilde)

Decision Support System

ASSIGNMENT OF INFORMATION SYSTEM AND ADMINISTRATION NAME : QUDSIA AZEEM CLASS: BBA 3B DATE : 27-3-2013 JINNAH UNIVERSITY FOR WOMEN SUMMARY OF THE ARTICLE DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS AND WEB TECHNOLOGIES: A STATUS REPORT DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS, WORLD-WIDE WEB, DATA DRIVEN DSS, MODEL-DRIVEN DSS, IMPLEMENTATION. Introduction to DSS: A decision support system (DSS) is a computer-based information system that supports business or organizational decision-making activities. DSSs serve the management, operations, and planning levels of an organization and help to make decisions, which may be rapidly changing and not easily specified in advance.Decision support systems can be either fully computerized, human or a combination of both. DSSs include knowledge-based systems. A properly designed DSS is an interactive software-based system intended to help decision makers compile useful information from a combination of raw data, documents, and personal knowledge, or business models to identify and solve problems and make decisions. World-Wide Web technologies have rapidly transformed the entire design, development and implementation process for all types of Decision Support Systems.In particular, Web technologies have provided a new media for sharing information about decision support and a new means of delivering decision support capabilities. For DSS developers, the big leap forward is to use the â€Å"Web as computer†. Modern decision support systems (DSS) provide managers a wide range of capabilities. Computerized systems support decision tasks like information gathering, model building, sensitivity analysis, collaboration, alternative evaluation and decision implementation. Also, decision support is increasingly integrated in business processes and DSS are used for ad hoc analyses.This paper reviews the current status of Decision Support Systems in the context of developments in Web technologies. The article contains brief historical reviews, discussions on implem entations of decision support system and the major part of this article is ‘’State of Practice of DSS in 2001’’ HISTORY: Information Systems researchers and technologists have built and investigated computerized Decision Support Systems (DSS) for approximately 40 years. This article chronicles and explores the developments related to building and deploying DSS.The journey begins with building model-driven DSS in the late 1960s, theory developments in the 1970s, and implementation of financial planning systems, spreadsheet-based DSS and Group DSS in the early and mid 1980s. Data warehouses, Executive Information Systems, OLAP and Business Intelligence evolved in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Finally, the chronicle ends with knowledge-driven DSS and the implementation of Web-based DSS beginning in the mid-1990s. The field of computerized decision support is expanding to use new technologies and to create new applications.. Web-Based Decision Support System s :Power (1998b) defined a Web-Based Decision Support System as a computerized system that delivers decision support information or decision support tools to a manager or business analyst using a â€Å"thin-client† Web browser like Netscape Navigator or Internet Explorer. The computer server that is hosting the DSS application is linked to the user's computer by a network with the TCP/IP protocol. The idea of Web-enabled or Web-Based Decision Support Systems as services has been explored by various researchers and involves the concept of offering decision computation technologies as services on the Web.The recent popularity and widespread use of the World Wide Web and the Internet has been accompanied by the development of a variety of computing technologies that enable the realization of the â€Å"decision technologies as services† vision. Bhargava and Krishnan (1998) discussed the role of a series of enabling technologies in the context of Model-Driven DSS, covering technologies that enable the use of the Web for communication of decision information and computation, technologies that enable the remote and platform-independent access of DSS, and technologies that allow DSS components to be distributed over the Web.Web Technologies and DSS Tasks: Web technologies are making it possible to perform all of these tasks via a remote Web client. In thinking of such tasks, it is useful to recall the distinction made by Sprague (1980) about application-specific DSS that consist of software, data, and models for a specific decision problem and DSS generators that provide tools and algorithms for building a variety of specific DSS. Application-specific DSS are far easier to build, but rarely reusable; DSS generators are far more complex to build but can be adapted to build many specific systems.Figure 1 summarizes the relationships among 10 major tasks involved in building and using Data and Model-Driven DSS. For example, using an application-specific Mod el-Driven DSS, a user would be given the relevant decision models and data, and would focus on tasks such as model execution, development of reports, or analysis. Using a corresponding DSS generator, on the other hand, would require the performance of additional tasks such as model definition and creation of a custom user interface. IMPLEMENTATIONS OF DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM : STATE OF PRACTICE 2001:In a number of prior papers, we have examined the extent to which current DSS products have â€Å"Web-enabled† the above decision support related tasks, and we have examined the evolution of DSS and especially Web-Based DSS. In this section, we provide an informal tour of our major findings. Web technologies provide both the communication of decision-related information and software and a means of providing remote access to distributed DSS components. We discuss the first function in terms of the Web as media and the second we call the Web as computer.How these capabilities or fun ctions can be used to support decision-making is still evolving. There is much scope for imagination here, but we have identified a few important beneficial uses of these capabilities and we will now review recent developments in each of these areas. WEB AS MEDIA: The Web has facilitated the creation of a number of industry-wide DSS Information Portals . For example, the OLAP Report and Data Ware housing Online Both are industry-wide decision support portals that offer information about software products, vendors, methodologies, and white papers in the context of OLAP and data warehousing technologies.DSSResources. COM is a â€Å"knowledge repository† for a broadly defined set of Decision Support Systems. IBM’s COIN initiative (http://oss. software. ibm. com/developerworks/opensource/coin/) and e-optimization. com offer similar portals for optimization. Info Harvest and the Decision Analysis Society have created portals related to decision analysis. Individual firms ha ve used Web technologies to communicate information about their decision support products and methods, or allow users to conduct various tasks like ordering, payment or Internet delivery related to purchasing DSS products.In the context of using the Web for â€Å"providing company and product information† there is substantial activity across all categories of Decision Support Systems. WEB AS COMPUTER: We generally discuss the use of the â€Å"Web as computer† capabilities in three categories: digital product demonstrations, preview using online interactive examples, and on-line, Web-based Decision Support Systems. The first category, product demonstrations, represents a baseline for the use of the Web’s capabilities for remote computation.Online demonstrations can be delivered as animated multimedia documents (e. g. , QuickTime movies, or Shockwave animation) that require or allow little user interaction. As a next step, online interactive examples allow users t o interact (e. g. , by setting parameter values, or choosing which command to execute next, or designing the format of a report) with the DSS tool in the context of a specific example. The next step in the use of the â€Å"Web as computer† capabilities is to offer application-specific DSS to users that have decision problems within the supported categories.Recall our earlier example of OptAmaze. com which provides paper trim optimization and transportation optimization services to paper mills. Grazing Systems Limited offers decision support services in the agricultural sector. The value of such deployment of DSS may be appreciated by considering the difficulties that user firms would have in installing, maintaining and applying complex DSS tools on their own; Web-enabled DSS allow such firms to use decision support tools without encountering these difficulties.CONCLUSION: The practice of building Decision Support Systems can benefit in many ways from the availability of Web t echnologies. These technologies provide platform-independent, remote, and distributed computation and the exchange of complex multimedia information. The state of practice has benefited considerably from these technologies but e need to resolve technological, economic and social and behavioral challenges to realize the benefits the Web can provide as a platform for building Decision Support Systems.DSS developers must continuously find ways around these limitations, or make use of recent and anticipated developments such as the new version of Internet protocols. To offer decision support as a service, providers must experiment with new payment models. Decision support capabilities are of great interest to a broad range of stakeholders and enormous resources have been and will be committed to building systems that promise to improve the quality, speed and effectiveness of specific decisions. We need to do much more than implement our technologies to build effective Decision Support S ystems.

Supernatural Naturalism essays

Supernatural Naturalism essays Es tan difà ­cil hacerles entender: Natural Supernaturalism in Unamunos San Manuel Bueno, Martà ­r Though western custom usually demands distinction between the concepts of natural and supernatural, the two may be considered inseparable, so closely linked that drawing a line where one ends and the other begins proves difficult. Nineteenth century English Romantic writers Wordsworth and Coleridge (if you will, the generation of 1798) saw this relationship, and Wordsworth states in the Preface to Lyrical Ballads that his aim was to throw over situations from common life. . . a certain coloring of imagination, whereby ordinary things should be presented to the mind in an unusual aspect (Norton 11). Further, it was Wordsworths intention to shake us, out of the lethargy of custom so as to refresh our sense of wonder-indeed, of divinity-in the everyday, the trivial, and the familiar (Norton 11). Shelley shared this vision and, in his Defense of Poetry, states that poetry purges from our inner sight the film of familiarity which obscures from us the wonder of our being and creates a new the universe. . . (Abrams 11). Born about the same time as Lyrical Ballads was published in 1798, the Victorian writer Thomas Carlyle termed this understanding natural supernaturalism. Carlyle argues that nature remains of quite infinite depth, of quite infinite expansion and he likens human beings to minnows whose native creek, because of custom, has become familiar but who do not see the connection with the ocean (Carlyle 1000-1001). A seed performs a miraculous act when it comes in contact with soil and moisture; but because of custom, we dont recognize the miracle. For Carlyle, as for Wordsworth, habit or custom may blunt our recognition of the miraculous, but everything experienced is a miracle of supernatural and inexplic...

Eassy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Eassy - Essay Example This essay will touch on the key steps involved in the academic writing process, all of which should have critical thinking intertwined with them. The three parts of the pre-writing stage are choosing a topic, gathering ideas, and organizing data. These steps help the writer to become focused on the topic so the paper does not end up rambling on. Overall, pre-writing can be one of the most important stages of the writing process. If one does not organize data and work out a plan of action to complete the writing process, the paper may turn out unsuccessful. The first stage in the academic writing process is to critically analyze the topic. However, choosing a topic must come before this step. The writer should decide on a topic and choose how the topic shall be researched. Next, it is important to gather ideas. Gathering ideas is very important, as this is a part of the pre writing stage. During this stage, it is also important to organize data. Once the pre-writing stage is complete, the writer can begin to draft a rough copy. While drafting a rough copy, the writer will be able to critically analyze all of the researched data and put ideas into words. During this rough draft process, the paper begins to take shape as sentences are formed into paragraphs. The importance of this stage is critical because this is the basis for the entire paper. The rough copy needs to be written in three steps. These steps are important to the paper, as they allow for the paper to be properly developed. The first step is to create an opening paragraph. The opening paragraph allows the reader to become hooked on what the paper is about. The thesis of the paper is also mentioned here. In this opening paragraph, it is wise to entice the reader with information on the topic that will leave the reader wanting to know more. The body of the paper is the second step in

A Discussion of Corporate Tax Evasion and Legal and Ethical Research Paper

A Discussion of Corporate Tax Evasion and Legal and Ethical Considerations - Research Paper Example Firstly,understanding the means by which the tax base exists and funds public goods that benefit each and every citizen is a starting point upon which the reader should consider. Firstly, these tax dollars are ultimately not sent into oblivion to fund pork only pork barrel spending projects that many of the news outlets would have the citizen believe; rather, they are utilized as a means to provide highways, schools, equip law enforcement and firefighters, and provide for the national security of the nation. In such a way, the reader can seek to understand the severe implications of seeking to deprive the system of these funds and the way that it is ultimately reflected back into the community or region in which the corporate entity operates, draws from the labor pool, and provides for the education that it relies upon to recruit talented individuals. Whereas tax evasion is most commonly thought of on a personal basis, the fact of the matter is that personal tax evasion pales in comp arison to the untold millions, billions, even possibly trillions of dollars that go unaccounted for due to intricate accounting mechanisms, offshore accounts, and outright dishonesty with regards to the level of profits that many firms are willing to admit to the government. Although it is not the purpose of this research to identify the core level and underlying reason why this practice is so often engaged and to such a degree, it does not require a great deal of research or analytical thinking to categorize the answer to such a question within the framework of the rational actor approach.Within such a framework, the self interest of profit maximalization and/or greed comes to be seen as the main reason why such a practice is engaged with. (Slemrod 880). One of the most famous and primary ways that corporations seek to shirk their tax burden and responsibility is by utilizing offshore tax havens to hide and/or minimalize their profits (Martinez-Vazquez & Rider 56). This serves two functions. The first is of course to reduce the overall tax burden that will be affected for the fiscal year; whereas the second is to outright hide millions or even hundreds of millions of dollars outside of the purview of the tax system (Tzur 58). Such an approach is utilized by a great many corporate entities within the United States due to the fact that it is not expressly illegal to utilize tax havens as a means of minimizing the total amount of taxes paid. Such a level of tax dodging has meant that firms such as Google and Pfizer have been able to dodge billions in tax bills within just a few years